Reports from the Bibliographic Bunker

Jed Birmingham on William S. Burroughs Collecting

Call it a lost weekend (with a few great finds). For the past four years, Max’s of Broadway’s three day Belgian Beer festival has been held on President’s Day Weekend. This is must-see TV for beer lovers, and they come from all over the country to sample the Trippels, the Grand Crus, and the chocolate stouts. Get there early. I was there on Saturday around 1pm and it was packed. A few beers had run out already and that is tough to do given that there were about 75 Belgians on tap and another 150 in bottles. Seemingly they had everything but it was only the tip of the iceberg for a country that is more than Germany the Mecca for beer. With all the beer, you had to have something to eat as well, and the French Fries sprinkled with rosemary and served with a garlic mayo provided a perfect base for a day of drinking. After spending a few hours with a bevy or browns, blondes and reds, I decided to indulge in my other passion. You can call it an addiction if you are feeling less romantic about it. I stopped at a small used bookstore on Light Street just to nose around. After poking around for about 15 minutes, I noticed a sign for another section of the store next door that was a new addition full of books on art, film, music and poetry. Now we are talking. I dug in the small poetry section and pulled out used paperbacks of Apollinaire’s Calligrammes, the complete Rimbaud, the complete Edwin Denby, Lorca’s Poet in New York, and the complete Marianne Moore. Given the ties to New American Poetry, Burroughs, the Beats, and the little magazine, I might actually read all these books in the next year.

The Book Escape was just the appetizer for Sunday’s main course. On Friday I received an email from a friend alerting me to a special event at Second Story Books in Rockville Maryland. If you follow book news you may have caught a snippet of this story. In July 2007, noted book collector Rolland L. Comstock was murdered in his home in Springfield MO that housed over 50,000 books. Nicholas Basbanes wrote about Comstock in the Madness Redux section of Patience and Fortitude. If you are even remotely interested in the Bibliographic Bunker pick up everything Basbanes has written. I admire his columns and books greatly, as Basbanes is the best reporter on anything relating to book culture that I know of. The Comstock family had to deal not only with the shock of Rolland’s untimely passing, but also with the shock of 50,000 books. They contacted the only bookman they knew: Nicholas Basbanes. Turns out Basbanes is a good friend of Allan Stypeck, owner of Second Story Books. Stypeck and Allen Ahearn of Quill and Brush are dealing with all book matters for the Comstock estate. From what I understand no stone is unturned and even film and book rights have been tied up. No surprise really. Stypeck runs a huge operation in Maryland and DC that covers every aspect of bookselling, including a radio show. Ahearn is a giant in the book game. He and his wife Patricia wrote a price guide that was a book-collecting bible before the internet took over pricing for the majority of modern first titles.

About 1500 books, I suppose the crème of the Comstock collection, found their way into a catalog under the direction of Quill and Brush. Certain favorites of Comstock, like Ian McEwan, Don DeLillo, Penelope Fitzgerald, John Banville and Edna O’Brien, were offered by Quill and Brush before the catalog was assembled. Tens of thousands of books went to Comstock’s alma mater, Drury College. That left 25,000 titles, and they are now housed at Second Story Books’ warehouse at 12160 Parklawn Drive in Rockville. The warehouse, along with the now defunct Bethesda location on Bethesda Avenue, was my old stomping grounds when I was in the bookselling game. A book could be written about all the comedy, tragedy, and drama behind the scenes of running a used and rare book business in the digital age.  

As I walked in the warehouse on Sunday, I have to say it was good to be back. It had been quite awhile since I set foot in Rockville, but a collection like Comstock’s brought me, like a groundhog, out of my hole. The books occupied roughly 7 rooms at Parklawn that previously held Nelson Freck’s science fiction and mystery books, as well as a catch-all “stuff” section that awaited distribution or didn’t fit in anywhere. Back in the day, I spent many an hour in that holding tank looking over a host of little magazines that sat and collected dust. Those books have been cleared out, and Comstock’s mother lode has been moved in. Every title with the exception of a single small room was $30. This is a variation of a Dutch Auction and it made for some high comedy. Literally, copies of Cliff’s Notes were listed at $30. I assume this can be negotiated down. To be fair, the average price of all the titles was probably around $30. Yet I saw tons of items that seemed like quite a deal at $30. I viewed it as a buyer’s market. Many seemed to agree. On Saturday, the first day of the sale, Second Story did a brisk business. You know that several experts had been through the collection before you, but the sheer size of the collection was so daunting that gems slipped through. And as I can attest they did. Quite frankly, the powers that be could not catch everything. 

So what did I see at Second Story? The scene at was quite overwhelming. About 25,000 first editions by British and American writers almost solely of the post-WWII era. In the 1990s Comstock realized that signatures enhanced a book’s value and desirability so he largely abandoned dead writers (at Springfield, the living writers were separated from the dead ones) and concentrated on those still writing, and key to Comstock, those still on tour. Comstock spent one third of every year attending readings, signings, lectures and other book events for the authors he collected. He would bring boxes of books, early titles to several copies of new releases, for signatures and inscriptions. In addition, Comstock nurtured a correspondence with many of his key writers and solicited signatures over the mail. Comstock was meticulous, even if his collecting focus was scattershot. Most of the books are covered with acetate and have color coded labels for British or American editions, signed or unsigned copies. “[R]ed for signed or inscribed books, blue for unsigned American editions, green for unsigned English editions.” Comstock strove for shelves of red and by the look of the shelves at Rockville; he did a very thorough job.  

As the above attests, Comstock had quite a few quirks as a collector. There are two that I find especially interesting. First he was not averse to acquiring more than one copy of the same title. Famously, he bought over 1000 copies of Jim Crace’s first novel, Continent, (all the remaindered copies he could get his hands on) and had them shipped to Springfield. So looking over the catalog and going through the stacks, the same books turn up again and again. This is totally foreign to me. I hate buying more than one copy of a title. In fact, I probably am too strict on this. I hesitate to upgrade copies I already own for better copies. I am always looking for what I don’t have and not improving my current holdings. I feel I can come back and tidy up my collection at a later date. This is not the smartest tactic as certain items in my collection are only going to get harder to find and more expensive as time goes on. If I see a good opportunity to upgrade an existing title at a good price, I should do so. The replaced title can always be used for sale or trade, another aspect of collecting that I have yet to fully explore. Comstock goes too far in my opinion. How many copies of Martin Amis’ The Rachel Papers can you have? Seemingly, Comstock had an endless supply. Surely this only floods an already flooded market for this common stuff. The Crace market must be absolutely saturated with the release of Comstock’s collection.

Secondly, Comstock affixed a custom-made bookplate to his collectibles. Generally they were placed on the left side of the front pastedown under the dust jacket flap. Bookplates are very polarizing for a collector. In the catalog to the collection, Quill and Brush assures collectors that the plates are easy and inexpensive to remove, but the booksellers stop short of encouraging collectors to remove the labels. Let’s take the bright side on Comstock’s bookplate. It could be argued that as a “famous” collector the bookplate serves as an association. In that way, they are similar to signed or inscribed association copies. Comstock had tons of those as well from a variety of authors. For me, the link to Comstock adds no associative value to the book. I don’t get excited over his bookplate or ownership inscription in the same way I did Timothy Leary’s. Having Leary’s copy of Naked Lunch means something to me on many levels, and to my mind, the association justified the $7500 price tag Skyline had for it years back, even if I could not afford it. Yet I do agree that the Comstock bookplates are useful to establish provenance and to help legitimate many of the signatures in the collection since in many cases Comstock got the signatures himself and not through dealers.  

That said the bookplates are an eyesore and decrease the value and desirability of the book. Why would any book collector, a breed that is so sensitive to the importance of condition, mark a book? Comstock clearly valued condition. He did not buy indiscriminately. His books are generally fine or nearly so. He clearly understood that markings in books affected value. He sought signatures with a passion bordering on madness. So what is up? What Comstock’s bookplate tells me is that Comstock had a high opinion of himself as a collector and felt that his ownership increased the books’ value and desirability. This is rarely the case for any book collector. Another possibility is that he had an overwhelming desire to mark his territory like a possessive dog does a fire hydrant in front of his house. This is somewhat more understandable to me. The desire to collect, particularly on the level that Comstock did, reveals an extremely possessive character. These impulses are unfortunate. I have never felt the need to use bookplates (or ownership inscriptions for that matter), although I appreciate them for a writer like William Burroughs for his own library. In fact, I hope that writers, artists, and the like do mark their books, be it annotations or ownership inscriptions, since such markings are of immense importance to scholarship. For years, Michael Stevens has been working on an in-depth listing and analysis of William Burroughs’ reading and library. The Road to Interzone is available online, and I encourage anyone interested in Burroughs to check it out. (Note: it currently works only with the Internet Explorer browser.) Studies of this kind are incredibly useful, interesting, and insightful. Ralph Maud’s analysis of Charles Olson’s reading is one of the best critical studies I have ever read. This study is especially pertinent to Olson since he performed the same task on Herman Melville. Yet ownership inscriptions and bookplates are a fine line. Who is worthy? I guess what I am saying is that collectors are just not important as individuals, as personalities. It is the act of collecting that is important, and in fact, it is that act that reveals the individuality and personality of the collector. The totality of the collection is really the book collector’s signature, his fingerprint. These imprints are all over the books and do not need to be drilled home with a bookplate or ownership signature.

So with that in mind what does the Comstock collection say? For a man with such a large collection, he had a narrow conception of what comprised Literature. The collection could not be further removed from my own and in fact, Comstock might be my bizarro double in this regard. Walking through the stacks at Second Story Books answered one of the burning questions that always haunted me as I leafed through countless catalogs and roamed through endless book fairs: Who buys all these boring modern firsts? There are seemingly millions of copies of Martin Amis, Madison Smartt Bell, Julian Barnes, Kate Braverman, Maya Angelou, T.C. Boyle, John Banville, Rick Bass, Larry Brown, and Charles Baxter — the authors for whom Comstock criss-crossed the country. Comstock collected what passes for “Literature with a Capital L” in the post-WWII era according to the critical and publishing mainstream. Comstock prided himself on finding and speculating on new authors. In Patience and Fortitude, Comstock states, “I buy Publisher’s Weekly to read the forecasts, and I pay attention to what the important critics have to say. What I am emphasizing now is young writers nobody ever even heard of.” This is precisely the problem with the Comstock collection. Nothing of value comes from a starred review in any of the mainstream publishing rags. Important critics are slaves to the mainstream media machine that pays them through advertising budgets. They champion what they are told to. The truly new and innovative does not come (and has never come) Athena-like out of the mainstream publishing houses. The big houses may co-opt it later, but by then such books are already old news and are often watered down and neatly packaged. Take 2007 literary sensation Roberto Belano as an example, although I strongly feel that Belano rises above the hype. The Savage Detective was the best work of fiction I read in 2007.

Generally, Comstock did not collect literary magazines, but those he did seek out tell an interesting story. He acquired them because they had stories or poems by his key authors. Stories by John Hersey or Robert Stone for example. Comstock gathered together individual issues of Story, Paris Review, Encounter, Partisan Review, Esquire and Poetry. These publications define the 20th Century literary establishment. Story dictated the form and content of the short story. Poetry did the same for the poem. Paris Review was the establishment of the little magazine. Partisan Review cornered the critical market, and Esquire was the literary glossy. Comstock collected Evergreen Review, but this proves my point. Evergreen was the establishment in avant / experimental circles. All these magazines are traditional in format (Evergreen is one of the most boring little mags in this regard) and content. They do not push the envelope. They strive for a broad audience and mainstream acceptance.  

Let’s look at what for the most part was not in Comstock’s collection. He did not collect any experimental magazines on either side of WWII. No modernist mags, like Broom or Blast, and nothing from the mimeo revolution. This is in line with the fact that Comstock did not collect experimental / alternative literature, particularly poetry. J.G. Ballard is a case in point. Clearly Ballard would be on Comstock’s radar screen: British, post-WWII, critically celebrated, active and touring. Yet I did not see a single Ballard title. Don’t get me wrong, they may be there, but Ballard was clearly not a major writer for Comstock. Ballard was too edgy, too transgressive, and ultimately, too important, a writer.  

Granted Comstock did not collect dead authors, but there was no Stein, Pound, Williams or Zukofsky from before the War. You were more likely to see Stevens, Eliot and Frost. Or their children: Lowell, Plath, Sexton, Galway Kinnell, Seamus Heaney. Post-WWII, do not expect much from anybody in the New American Poetry or the New American Story anthologies. Very little San Francisco Renaissance (where is Everson, Duncan, or Spicer?), Black Mountain (no Creeley or Olson), Beat (no Kerouac — he was safe in heaven dead — smatterings of Corso, Di Prima or Ferlinghetti), or New York School (no O’Hara or Koch, a smidge of Ashbery). If you are looking for anything avant or experimental after the Allen anthologies forget it. According to Comstock, literary innovation ended right where according to the catalog his collection began: 1960.

Take a close look at Burroughs and the Beats in the collection. It is a testament to the achievement of the Beats that Comstock had to acknowledge them. They are too important to ignore. That did not prevent him from completely bypassing Kerouac, but you get the sense that he had to grudgingly include Ferlinghetti, Burroughs, Corso, and Di Prima. After all these writer were alive, active, and could sign. By and large the Burroughs titles in the collection are consistent with Comstock’s M.O. The Burroughs titles were almost all late titles from the major publishing houses. Interzone, The Adding Machine, Literary Outlaw, Place of the Dead Roads, Western Lands etc. The Holt and Viking titles. Quill and Brush pulled out the Grove titles (a Naked Lunch, Ticket That Exploded and Soft Machine, both signed) for the catalog. Yet there were next to nothing of the small press or little mag titles. The copy of Corso’s American Express from Olympia Press stood out for me since there were no other titles from that press. No Lolita, no Pinktoes, no Ginger Man, no Watt, no Candy. Later printing of some of these titles were present but not the true first editions. Comstock disrespected the alternative press. There was a copy of The Exterminator by Auerhahn Press but the condition was abominable: water damaged, missing pages, probably a bookplate. The small, fine, or alternative press did not command his attention. Comstock collected Ginsberg, but Ginsberg was the most mainstream of the Beats and the most accepted by the “important critics” that Comstock looked to as a guide. An author only appeared on his radar screen if they made it to a mainstream publisher. Comstock might then work his way backward through their bibliography.  

This disrespect was seconded by the booksellers selling the collection. Given the $30 price on titles, there were some deals to be made if you kept your eyes out for alternative titles. I found a fine first edition of The Yage Letters by City Lights signed by Ginsberg for $30. That is a deal anywhere. Some of Comstock rubbed off on me in this case. I already own a fine, unsigned copy of The Yage Letters, but this signed copy was an upgrade. What is a common book unsigned now with the Ginsberg signature becomes something special. In fact there were signed Ginsbergs all over the place. I found a copy of Seymour Krim’s The Beats signed by Ginsberg and Hubert Selby for — you guessed it — $30. You would be hard pressed to find a better price than that. Surely a Ginsberg signature is worth $40-50. Pair that up with an unusual title, like the Coyote Journal printing of Wichita Vortex Sutra, and you have a nice find. There were also signed Anne Waldmans, Diane Di Primas and Ferlinghettis around. A fine first of Di Prima’s Dinners and Nightmares, published by Corinth Press in 1961 was a nice find for $30.  

If Comstock hoped to speculate with his collection, the lack of interest in the alternative press was a major error. This is where the new talent comes from today and historically. In addition the books that possess value on multiple levels are not the large print-run hardcovers published in London or New York, but the small and fine press gems that come out in small print runs in distinctive softcover formats. As I mentioned above, I looked high and low for such material in the collection and it was few and far between. There was nothing after 1970 in this area. There were a couple Auerhahn titles, a few Olympia Press titles, and a Coyote Press title by Ginsberg. If it was in Secret Location on the Lower East Side, it wasn’t at 12160 Parklawn. Why didn’t Comstock collect the small press efforts of his stable of authors and get these rare items signed? Because these authors never published there, even starting out. His authors were / are the darlings of the media conglomerates and their academic / critical counterparts. Writing programs with their journals are the farm system for these writers. The New Yorker is the big leagues. The books in his collection are basically generic hard covers. The books themselves have limited value as literary history and none as an art object. Libraries and institutions do not want this material. There is no research or historical value here. I would suspect that Drury College took the non-fiction of the Comstock collection. I saw very little literary criticism or biography at Rockville. The text has value to interested readers, but the books themselves are mostly widget-like in their design, phone book-like in their content, and rabbit-like in their print runs. This is the type of stuff that will do well on Kindle and other e-Book platforms. The vessel just does not matter. In my opinion, Comstock’s collection will not age gracefully. The print runs are too large; the books were the subject of book tours and signings, so copies and signatures abound; the design is pedestrian, and the content just is not there.

While looking through the Comstock collection, my mind flashed to the David Oakey collection of Gary Snyder placed on auction by PBA Galleries. Oakey’s collection was far smaller in size and seemingly less valuable on a financial level, but his collection was the more significant and important one. To my mind, Gary Snyder is far more important as a writer and as a cultural figure than a gaggle of T.C. Boyles, William Boyds, and Jim Craces. Comstock placed his bets with the Craces of the literary world, and literary history, if not financial trends, will show that such faith is bankrupt. Scroll down to July 27th to see one assessment of Crace’s value. The future of literature as a living breathing entity is with the writers Comstock excluded from his attentions. But collecting takes all kinds and without a doubt the literary world, not just the small realm of book collecting, suffered a major loss with Comstock’s passing. He was a passionate, dedicated collector, and as such, a true patron of the arts.

Reports from the Bibliographic Bunker

Jed Birmingham on William S. Burroughs Collecting

Beat Books out of London just issued its latest rare book catalog. The catalogue has a rock and roll feel and features items by and relating to the MC5, Iggy Pop and the Stooges, the Velvet Underground and Andy Warhol, Ed Sanders and the Fugs. It is a real fun read and is available in hard copy or on the internet. Included in the Ed Sanders section are three issues of the Peace Eye Bookstore rare book catalogues printed on the Fuck You Press mimeograph. These documents are a hysterical satire of the business of the counterculture and the passion of the rare book collector. Some of my favorite little magazines and chapbooks are offered for sale as are manuscript and holograph material from the counterculture’s leading lights. In previous columns, I may have suggested that the little magazines I have been chronicling were distributed merely to fellow poets and artists. In fact, there was an active collector and patron culture in place to support the artists and their publications. People such as Panna Grady and Roger Richards acted as patrons of the poets of the scene providing love and loans to the needs of the creative. Numerous writers and editors sold their archives to eager collectors or forward thinking institutions to fund their artistic activities. This is particularly true of the Second Generation New York School poets and editors like Lewis Warsh, Ted Berrigan, and Ron Padgett. The catalogue parodied these activities by offering a collection of pubic hair of leading poets collected at a literary party and guaranteed to be authentic. In addition, Sanders placed ads for Allen Ginsberg cold cream. The rock art for sale at Beat Books were heavily sought after in the 1960s as avid collectors hunted the telephone poles of San Francisco for new posters and handbills. The Peace Eye catalogues highlight this collector culture and document the beginnings of the rare book market for post World War II American writing.

The Beat Books and Peace Eye catalogue got me thinking about the present state of the catalogue in the rare book market. I have previously discussed some rare book catalogues that crossed the line into collector’s items and bibliographic reference materials. I would have to say that the days of the truly special catalogue are setting if not entirely over. Internet search engines, like Abebooks, make bibliographically detailed catalogues an unneeded expense. This is especially true of the hard copy catalog. Truly original catalogs, like those published by Ed Sanders, Am Here Books, or Atticus Books, rarely if ever get printed and distributed. catalogues as they exist today if they are issued in hard copy at all are simple affairs usually with no extras like LPs, original text or research, introductions by notable figures, photographs and the like. Presently, the catalogue is a dreary affair.

The same could be said of the book fair. Now, I am hardly a book collecting old timer, but it used to be that book fairs were much anticipated and well attended events. They provided a unique opportunity to get a hold of catalogues and get on want lists from many dealers at once. In addition, the book show allowed the collector to meet potential booksellers and most importantly see examples of rarities that one only heard about. With search engines, electronic images, email and all the benefits of the electronic age, collectors and dealers have a decreasing need for the book show. For some, like myself, the book show remains special as a way to physically handle objects that are forever out of reach as well as to shake hands and place a face to the name of the bookseller. I would assume that the book fair still exists as a social event like a convention instead of a money making venture. On returning from the recent New York book fair, one of the special dates on the rare book calendar, one dealer told me that the fairs have really fallen off in sales and attendance and he wondered if the Internet would not kill it off completely. It will be a shame if it happens.

The decline of the catalogue is a shame as well. I still eagerly await catalogues coming through the mail and I keep every catalogue I have obtained in over 10 years of collecting. I also print catalogues off the Internet. The hard copy catalogue is still an essential resource for the collector. catalogues with prices over time allow the long tem tracking of prices and availability of items. In some cases, catalogues serve as annotated bibliographies of a single author, school or movement. The detailed catalogue entry is becoming rare indeed. On the internet and in hard copy, most entries provide barebones information concerning condition and publication history and precious little on the literary history of the book. There are exceptions at auction houses and with high-end, specialized dealers, like Ars Libri, Lame Duck, Beat Books, Skyline Books, Ken Lopez, and Bauman Books.

The Ars Libri catalogues (available on the internet) are perfect examples of just how interesting and detailed a catalogue can be. I recently attended the Dada Exhibition at the National Gallery. The collection of Dada magazines and other ephemera was fascinating. I raced to the museum store to buy several books chronicling the exhibition. Then I downloaded all the Ars Libri catalogues I could get. The catalogues complete with detailed research and clear images read like a companion piece to the exhibition. All the bibliographic and historical information you could want about Dada and Surrealist periodicals were available in the catalog. Lame Duck Books, Bauman Books, and auction catalogues provide similarly comprehensive accounts of items for sale. You generally do not see this type of documentation on the Internet search engines like Abebooks. Now these examples are extreme and few booksellers issue catalogues of this type, but as a whole the rare book catalogue is dying and the detailed catalogue entry seems to be disappearing.

I do not know how I could have managed to amass my collection in such a short period of time without the Internet. The Internet has revolutionized book collecting and rare book selling in ways that are not fully completed or understood. My present collection would not exist without it, but I wonder about what has been lost in the Internet age. One of the biggest losses is the personal touch in collecting and selling. This is strange since so much of book collecting derives from the joy of the book as a physical object. The handling of the book. The leafing through the pages of a work of classic literature. The signed page demonstrating that the book was touched by the author. Or even more personal, the manuscript itself or a holograph correction that are the raw materials of artistic creation. The rare book dealer and the collector thrive on personal touches yet the sale of the collectible has gotten increasingly divorced from the personal relationship as well as more reliant on the electronic.

I have been guilty of this trend myself. Several years ago, I worked as a salesperson and researcher at a used and rare bookstore. I made catalogue entries for Internet databases (we did not have a hard copy catalog) and purchased rare books from walk in customers. I could not have done the job without the Internet. In fact, I was completely dependent on it. If I did not know a price, identification point, or any other information, I merely logged on to Abebooks and found what I needed. I never had to develop or stretch my own talents as a bibliophile and book seller. All the information was at your fingertips and not in your memory. I did not have to constantly research old catalogs, develop friendship with other experts, or haunt other rare bookstores to increase my knowledge. I merely had to log on and find what I needed. The personal touch and hard work of the truly valuable bookman was lost.

I think the Internet has made booksellers and book collectors lazy. I can be guilty of this, unless I actively combat it. As a collector, I do not have to go to book fairs, send correspondence to booksellers, search rare bookstores, and develop friendships with other collectors and dealers. In addition, I no longer have to develop my own skills in identifying first editions or knowing the finer points of bibliography. Instead, I can just log on to Ebay or Abebooks that will tell me all the information (and maybe even provide a picture) I need to know. All I need is the cash. Of course this is less fun and you miss out on a host of unique opportunities this way, but a collector can build a nice collection just relying on the Internet.

As for booksellers, the temptation is there to let the collector come to them. Booksellers might be less diligent in following up on collectors’ want lists or placing books with prospective collectors. In addition, the research work done on accurate pricing and cataloging has declined. Dealers rely on existing internet entries for pricing information as well as cut and paste the scarce publication or literary history information available. This can lead to drastic inaccuracies in pricing or description. An artificially high price on a book or magazine can throw off the pricing for several other entries.

The state of affairs relating to the Black Mountain Review is a case in point. At auction and to a knowledgeable book dealer, single issues of Black Mountain Review sell for $75-100 dollars an issue (possibly more for the highly sought after 7th issue or the 1st issue) and around $800-1000 for a complete run at the absolute high end with lower prices depending on condition. Recently, single issues of Black Mountain Review are selling on Abebooks for $800-1000 with a complete run for $2500. Similar price issues recently surrounded Fuck You Magazine. As a result, all prices of the magazine are out of whack and it is downright irresponsible for a collector to buy the magazine as it is now priced.

The solution to this state of affairs in relation to Black Mountain Review is to return to the personal touch and actively pursue the magazine instead of wanting for it to come to you. In order to get this magazine at a fair price, I had to develop personal relationships with dealers and work outside the traditional search engines. I returned and made phone calls, created want lists, and attended book fairs. After a few years, I was rewarded for my efforts and had a lot of fun doing it. The truly successful book collectors and book dealers have never abandoned the personal touches, but with the rise of the internet in the book trade, the sale of paper becomes increasingly impersonal and electronic. While there are considerable benefits to this trend, there are some unfortunate losses as well.